PUBLICATIONS
THE BURNING BUSH
Volume 13 Number 1, January
2007
Lost Words in
Our Bible?
Jeffrey Khoo
Introduction
The Word of God is forever infallible
and inerrant. The Church today has a 100% Perfect Bible without any mistake
because God promised to preserve His inspired words to the last jot and
tittle (Matt 5:18). Thus, (1) the inspired Scriptures were never lost but
always preserved without any corruption or missing words; (2) the
Sacred Scriptures are always infallible and inerrant, and
supremely authoritative not only in times past, but also today—Sola
Scriptura!
As Bible-believing Christians, there is
a need to defend the preserved words of God not just in the NT but also in
the OT. Today, our OT Scriptures are being questioned by some who do not
believe that God has preserved every jot and tittle of His words in the OT,
going against what Jesus promised in Matthew 5:18. They say that some
insignificant or redundant words of the OT have already been totally lost
and nowhere to be found. According to them, these "lost words" contribute
to the so-called "scribal errors" in our OT Scripture.
This article seeks to assure all
believers that the same God who had originally inspired His OT words has
also continuously preserved all of His words to the jot and tittle (Matt
5:18). Christians can truly live by God’s every word (Matt 4:4) because
every word of God has been kept intact without any word lost.
Jot and Tittle Preservation
The OT Scriptures were first given to
Israel—God’s chosen nation. Romans 3:1-2 tells us that God had committed to
the Jews the safekeeping and copying of the Holy Scriptures. Knowing well
the divine nature of the Scriptures, that the words of the sacred pages
were the very words of the Almighty God, they copied the Scriptures with
great precision and accuracy employing very strict rules. For instance: (1)
"No word or letter could be written from memory; the scribe must have an
authentic copy before him, and he must read and pronounce aloud each word
before writing it." (2) "The revision of a roll must be made within 30 days
after the work was finished; otherwise it was worthless. One mistake on a
sheet condemned the sheet; if three mistakes were found on any page, the
entire manuscript was condemned." (3) "Every word and every letter was
counted, and if a letter were omitted, an extra letter inserted, or if one
letter touched another, the manuscript was condemned and destroyed at
once." 1 These very strict
rules of transcription show how precious the Jews had regarded the inspired
words of God, and how precise their copying of these inspired words must
have been. Such strict practices in copying "give us strong encouragement
to believe that we have the real Old Testament, the same one which
our Lord had and which was originally given by inspiration of God."2
The words of the Scriptures are
important (Deut 8:3, Matt 4:4, Luke 4:4). God uses His words to communicate
His Truth so that we might know who and what He is and how we might be
saved through Him. The Bible clearly tells us that it is God’s written
words (pasa graphe—"All Scripture") that are inspired (2 Tim 3:16),
and from these inspired words come all the doctrines that are sufficient
and profitable for the spiritual growth and maturity of the believer (2 Tim
3:17). The Bible also clearly says that God Himself will preserve all His
inspired words to the jot and tittle without the loss of any word, syllable
or letter (Ps 12:6-7, Matt 5:18, 24:35).
Now if we have the inspired, infallible
and inerrant words of God today preserved in the traditional and
Reformation Scriptures, then how do we explain the differences or
discrepancies found in the Bible especially those found in 1 Samuel 13:1, 2
Chronicles 22:2, and many other places. Can these be due to "scribal
errors"?
Since God has preserved His inspired
words to the last iota and no words are lost but all kept pure and intact
in the original language Scriptures, we must categorically deny that our
Bible contains any mistake or error (scribal or otherwise). But it is
troubling that certain evangelicals and fundamentalists would rather choose
to deny the present infallibility and inerrancy of the Holy Scriptures by
considering the "discrepancies" found in 1 Samuel 13:1 and 2 Chronicles
22:2 and other like passages to be actual instead of apparent
discrepancies, and calling them "scribal errors."
No "Lost Word" and No "Scribal
Error" in 2 Chronicles 22:2
A denial of the verbal preservation of
the Scriptures will invariably lead one to believe that some words of God
have been lost and remain lost leading to a "scribal error" view of the OT
Scriptures. For instance, W Edward Glenny denies that God has perfectly
preserved His Word so that no words have been lost. He says, "The evidence
from the OT text suggests that such is not the case. We might have lost
a few words …". 3 Based
on his "lost words" view of the Bible, he was quick to point out "obvious
discrepancies" in the OT like 2 Chronicles 22:2. He pontificates,
In 1 Chronicles 8:26 [sic], the KJV states that Ahaziah was twenty-two when
he began to reign; the parallel in 2 Chronicles 22:2 says that he began to
reign at the age of forty-two. ... These obvious discrepancies in
the KJV and the Hebrew manuscripts on which it is based show that none
of them perfectly preserved the inspired autographa. 4
Now, know that 2 Chronicles 22:2 reads
"forty-two" in the KJV. A number of the modern versions like the NASV, NIV,
and ESV read "twenty-two" instead. So which is the original, inspired
reading: "forty-two" (in KJV), or "twenty-two" (in NASV, NIV, and ESV)? In
making such a textual decision, we must have a perfect standard, and that
infallible and inerrant standard is the inspired and preserved Hebrew
Scripture, and not any translation ancient or modern.
It is significant to note that every
single Hebrew manuscript reads "forty-two" (arebba’im wushetha’im)
in 2 Chronicles 22:2. There is no evidence of lost words—every word to the
letter is preserved, and reads precisely as "forty-two" as accurately
translated in the KJV. If every Hebrew manuscript reads "forty-two" in 2
Chronicles 22:2, then on what basis do the NASV, NIV, and ESV change it to
"twenty-two"? They change "forty-two" to "twenty-two" on the basis of the
Septuagint (LXX) which is a Greek version of the Hebrew Scripture just like
the NIV is an English version of it. In other words, they use a version or
translation to correct the original Hebrew text! Should not it be the other
way round?
Why do they do this? They do this
because of their fallacious assumption that (1) God did not preserve His
words infallibly, (2) lost words exist in the Hebrew text, and (3) 2
Chronicles 22:2 is an "obvious" discrepancy (cf 2 Kgs 8:26). Thus, Glenny
and all such non-preservationists are quick to use a fallible translation (eg,
LXX) to correct the infallible Hebrew Text! This is no different from
someone using the NIV today to correct any part of the Hebrew Text
according to his whim and fancy! But Glenny calls it "conjectural
emendation" 5 which sounds
scholarly but it is pure guesswork. Can a translation be more inspired than
or superior to the original language text? Can a translation or version
(whatever the language) be used to correct the Hebrew? Glenny’s method of
explaining such "obvious discrepancies" in the Bible is troubling for it
displays (1) a sceptical attitude towards the numerical integrity of God’s
Word, (2) a critical readiness to deny the present inerrancy of Scripture
in historical details, and (3) a lackadaisical approach towards solving
difficulties in the Bible by conveniently dismissing such difficulties as
"scribal errors."
A godly approach is one that
presupposes the present infallibility and inerrancy of God’s Word not only
when it speaks on salvation, but also when it speaks on history, geography
or science. "Let God be true, but every man a liar" (Rom 3:4). Such
a godly approach to difficult passages is seen in Robert J Sargent who, by
comparing (not correcting) Scripture with Scripture, offered two possible
solutions to the so-called "problem" or "error" in 2 Chronicles 22:2.
Sargent suggested that "forty-two" could be either (1) Ahaziah’s years
counted from the beginning of the dynasty founded by Omri, or (2) the year
in which Ahaziah was actually seated as king though anointed as one at
"twenty-two" (2 Kgs 8:26). 6
Whatever the answer may be, the truth and fact is: the inspired and
preserved Hebrew reading in 2 Chronicles 22:2 is "forty-two" and not
"twenty-two," and no man has the right to change or correct God’s Word by
"conjectural emendation," taking heed to the serious warning not to add to
or subtract from the Holy Scriptures (Rev 22:18-19).
No "Lost Word" and No "Scribal
Error" in 1 Samuel 13:1
Now, let us look at the next text which
is 1 Samuel 13:1 which the KJV translates as, "Saul reigned one year." But
the other versions read quite differently. The NASV has, "Saul was forty
years old when he began to reign;" the NIV has, "Saul was thirty
years old when he became king;" and the RSV has, "Saul was … years old when
he began to reign." Which of the above is correct? The only way whereby we
can ascertain the correct reading is to go to the Hebrew Bible. The Hebrew
Bible since day one reads Ben-shanah Shaoul, literally, "A son of a
year (was) Saul," or idiomatically, "Saul was a year old."
Now, the difficulty is: How could Saul
be only a year old when he began to reign? Scholars and translators who do
not believe in the jot-and-tittle preservation of Scripture say that this
is an actual discrepancy in the Hebrew Text which they attribute to a
"scribal error." This is why Michael Harding in a mistitled book—God’s
Word in Our Hands—wrote,
[I]n 1 Samuel 13:1-2 the Masoretic Text states that Saul was one year of
age (ben-shanah—literally "son of a year") … Some ancient Greek
manuscripts … read "thirty years" instead of "one year," … On account of my
theological conviction regarding the inerrancy of the autographa, I believe
the original Hebrew text also reads "thirty," even though we do not
currently possess a Hebrew manuscript with that reading. 7
Harding and those like him fail to
apply the logic of faith to the promise of God that He will preserve and
has preserved every iota of His inspired words. This leads them to conclude
that a word is lost and 2 Chronicles 22:2 contains a "scribal error" even
when there is no such error to begin with. They change the text when the
text needs no changing. They replace divine words with human words. Instead
of attributing error to the translation (LXX, NASV, NIV, RSV), they rather
fault the inspired and preserved Hebrew Text and treat it as an actual
discrepancy even when there is absolutely none. This has caused many Bible
believers to doubt God’s Word: Do we really have God’s infallible and
inerrant Word in our hands? Many are indeed stumbled by such allegations of
error in the Bible, and are questioning whether they can really trust the
Scriptures at all if there is no such thing as a complete and perfect Word
of God today.
It must be categorically stated that
there is no error at all in the Hebrew Text and no mistake also in the KJV
which translated 1 Samuel 13:1 accurately. So how do we explain 1 Samuel
13:1? A faithful explanation is offered by Matthew Poole who wrote,
[Saul] had now reigned one year, from his first election at Mizpeh, in
which time these things were done, which are recorded in chap. xi., xii.,
to wit, peaceably, or righteously. Compare 2 Sam. ii.10. 8
In other words, the year of Saul was
calculated not from the time of his birth but from his appointment
as king; "Saul was a year old into his reign." This meaning
is supported by the Geneva Bible which reads, "Saul now had beene King
one yeere." Rest assured, there is no mistake in the Hebrew Text and in
the KJV here. God has indeed inspired and preserved His OT words perfectly
so that we might have an infallible, inerrant OT Bible in our hands today.
Conclusion
The inspired words of the Hebrew OT are
all the words of the Hebrew Masoretic Text (Ben Chayyim). The Trinitarian
Bible Society regards the Ben Chayyim OT Text underlying the KJV to be the
preserved and definitive Text, and that the correct OT reading is to be
found in precisely this Text. 9
The Biblical doctrine of the jot-and-tittle
preservation of the Holy Scriptures affirms a 100% infallible and inerrant
Bible today! The Written Foundation of our Judeo-Christian
Faith is sure and secure for "the word of our God shall stand for ever" (Isa
40:8). Amen!
Notes
1
H S Miller, General Biblical Introduction, 4th ed
(Houghton, Word-Bearer, 1947), 184-185.
2
Ibid, 185.
3
Roy E Beacham and Kevin T Bauder, eds, One Bible Only? (Grand
Rapids: Kregel, 2001), 121.
4
Ibid, 115.
5
Ibid, 114.
6
Robert J Sargent, "A Scribal Error in 2 Chronicles 22:2? No!" The
Burning Bush 10 (2004): 90-92.
7
James B Williams and Randolph Shaylor, eds,
God’s Word in Our Hands: The Bible Preserved for Us (Greenville:
Ambassador Emerald International, 2003), 360-361.
8
Matthew Poole, A Commentary on the Holy Bible (Mclean: MacDonald, nd),
1:542.
9
"Statement of Doctrine of Holy Scripture," Trinitarian Bible Society
Quarterly Report, April-June 2005, 10-11.
Dr Jeffrey Khoo is the Academic Dean of Far Eastern
Bible College, and an Elder of True Life Bible-Presbyterian Church.
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